|
Many people are blissfully unaware that there are
actually two mutually exclusive political and legal jurisdictions
within United States the country. Your citizenship status determines
which of the two jurisdictions you are a member of and you
have an option to adopt either. This book describes how to regain the
model on the right, the “Federal government”, which we also call the
“United States of America” throughout this book. We have prepared a
table to compare the two and explain what we mean. The vast majority of
Americans fall under the model on the left, and their own ignorance,
fear, and apathy has put them there. The model on the left treats
everyone as part of the federal corporation called the “United States”, which is how the law defines it
in
28 U.S.C. §3002(15)(A). This area is also called “the federal zone”
throughout this book. The “United States” first became a federal
corporation in 1871 and you can read this law for yourself right from
the Statutes at Large:
Congress legislates for
two separate legal and political and territorial jurisdictions:
1.
The states of the Union under the requirements of the
Constitution of the United States. In this capacity, it is called
the “federal/general government”.
2.
The U.S. government, the District of Columbia, U.S.
possessions and territories, and enclaves within the states. In
this capacity, it is called the “national government”. The authority
for this jurisdiction derives from Article 1, Section 8, Clause
17 of the United States Constitution. All laws passed essentially
amount to municipal laws for federal property, and in that capacity,
Congress is not restrained by either the Constitution or the Bill of
Rights. We call the collection of all federal territories, possessions,
and enclaves within the states “the federal zone” throughout this
document.
The U.S. Supreme Court
confirmed the above when it said:
“It is clear that
Congress, as a legislative body, exercise two species of
legislative power: the one, limited as to its objects, but
extending all over the Union: the other, an absolute, exclusive
legislative power over the District of Columbia. The preliminary
inquiry in the case now before the Court, is, by virtue of which of
these authorities was the law in question passed?”
[392HCohens
v. Virginia393H,
19 U.S. 264, 6 Wheat. 265; 5 L.Ed. 257 (1821)]
James Madison, one of
our founding fathers, described these two separate jurisdictions in
Federalist Paper #39, when he said:
First. In order to ascertain the real character
of the government, it may be considered in relation to the
foundation on which it is to be established; to the sources from
which its ordinary powers are to be drawn; to the operation of those
powers; to the extent of them; and to the authority by which future
changes in the government are to be introduced.
On examining the first relation, it appears, on
one hand, that the Constitution is to be founded on the assent and
ratification of the people of America, given by deputies elected for
the special purpose; but, on the other, that this assent and
ratification is to be given by the people, not as individuals
composing one entire nation, but as composing the distinct and
independent States to which they respectively belong. It is to be
the assent and ratification of the several States, derived from the
supreme authority in each State, the authority of the people
themselves. The act, therefore, establishing the Constitution,
will not be a NATIONAL, but a FEDERAL act.
That it will be a federal and not a
national act, as these terms are understood by the objectors; the
act of the people, as forming so many independent States, not as
forming one aggregate nation, is obvious from this single
consideration, that it is to result neither from the decision of a
MAJORITY of the people of the Union, nor from that of a MAJORITY of
the States. It must result from the UNANIMOUS assent of the
several States that are parties to it, differing no otherwise from
their ordinary assent than in its being expressed, not by the
legislative authority, but by that of the people themselves. Were
the people regarded in this transaction as forming one nation, the
will of the majority of the whole people of the United States would
bind the minority, in the same manner as the majority in each State
must bind the minority; and the will of the majority must be
determined either by a comparison of the individual votes, or by
considering the will of the majority of the States as evidence of
the will of a majority of the people of the United States. Neither
of these rules have been adopted. Each State, in ratifying the
Constitution, is considered as a sovereign body, independent of all
others, and only to be bound by its own voluntary act. In this
relation, then, the new Constitution will, if established, be a
FEDERAL, and not a NATIONAL constitution.
The next relation is, to the sources from which
the ordinary powers of government are to be derived. The House
of Representatives will derive its powers from the people of
America; and the people will be represented in the same proportion,
and on the same principle, as they are in the legislature of a
particular State. So far the government is NATIONAL, not FEDERAL.
The Senate, on the other hand, will derive its powers from the
States, as political and coequal societies; and these will be
represented on the principle of equality in the Senate, as they now
are in the existing Congress. So far the government is FEDERAL, not
NATIONAL. The executive power will be derived from a very
compound source. The immediate election of the President is to be
made by the States in their political characters. The votes allotted
to them are in a compound ratio, which considers them partly as
distinct and coequal societies, partly as unequal members of the
same society. The eventual election, again, is to be made by that
branch of the legislature which consists of the national
representatives; but in this particular act they are to be thrown
into the form of individual delegations, from so many distinct and
coequal bodies politic. From this aspect of the government it
appears to be of a mixed character, presenting at least as many
FEDERAL as NATIONAL features.
The difference between a federal and
national government, as it relates to the OPERATION OF THE
GOVERNMENT, is supposed to consist in this, that in the former the
powers operate on the political bodies composing the Confederacy, in
their political capacities; in the latter, on the individual
citizens composing the nation, in their individual capacities.
On trying the Constitution by this criterion, it falls under the
NATIONAL, not the FEDERAL character; though perhaps not so
completely as has been understood. In several cases, and
particularly in the trial of controversies to which States may be
parties, they must be viewed and proceeded against in their
collective and political capacities only. So far the national
countenance of the government on this side seems to be disfigured by
a few federal features. But this blemish is perhaps unavoidable in
any plan; and the operation of the government on the people, in
their individual capacities, in its ordinary and most essential
proceedings, may, on the whole, designate it, in this relation, a
NATIONAL government.
But if the government be national with regard
to the OPERATION of its powers, it changes its aspect again when we
contemplate it in relation to the EXTENT of its powers. The idea
of a national government involves in it, not only an authority over
the individual citizens, but an indefinite supremacy over all
persons and things, so far as they are objects of lawful government.
Among a people consolidated into one nation, this supremacy is
completely vested in the national legislature. Among communities
united for particular purposes, it is vested partly in the general
and partly in the municipal legislatures. In the former case, all
local authorities are subordinate to the supreme; and may be
controlled, directed, or abolished by it at pleasure. In the latter,
the local or municipal authorities form distinct and independent
portions of the supremacy, no more subject, within their respective
spheres, to the general authority, than the general authority is
subject to them, within its own sphere. In this relation,
then, the proposed government cannot be deemed a NATIONAL one; since
its jurisdiction extends to certain enumerated objects only, and
leaves to the several States a residuary and inviolable sovereignty
over all other objects. It is true that in controversies
relating to the boundary between the two jurisdictions, the tribunal
which is ultimately to decide, is to be established under the
general government. But this does not change the principle of the
case. The decision is to be impartially made, according to the rules
of the Constitution; and all the usual and most effectual
precautions are taken to secure this impartiality. Some such
tribunal is clearly essential to prevent an appeal to the sword and
a dissolution of the compact; and that it ought to be established
under the general rather than under the local governments, or, to
speak more properly, that it could be safely established under the
first alone, is a position not likely to be combated.
If we try the Constitution by its last
relation to the authority by which amendments are to be made, we
find it neither wholly NATIONAL nor wholly FEDERAL. Were it
wholly national, the supreme and ultimate authority would reside in
the MAJORITY of the people of the Union; and this authority would be
competent at all times, like that of a majority of every national
society, to alter or abolish its established government. Were it
wholly federal, on the other hand, the concurrence of each State in
the Union would be essential to every alteration that would be
binding on all. The mode provided by the plan of the convention is
not founded on either of these principles. In requiring more than a
majority, and principles. In requiring more than a majority, and
particularly in computing the proportion by STATES, not by CITIZENS,
it departs from the NATIONAL and advances towards the FEDERAL
character; in rendering the concurrence of less than the whole
number of States sufficient, it loses again the FEDERAL and partakes
of the NATIONAL character.
The proposed Constitution, therefore, is, in
strictness, neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a
composition of both. In its foundation it is federal, not national;
in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the government are
drawn, it is partly federal and partly national; in the operation of
these powers, it is national, not federal; in the extent of them,
again, it is federal, not national; and, finally, in the
authoritative mode of introducing amendments, it is neither wholly
federal nor wholly national.
PUBLIUS.
[Federalist
Paper #39, James Madison]
Based on Madison’s
comments, a “national government” operates upon and derives its
authority from individual citizens whereas a “federal government”
operates upon and derives its authority from states. The only place
where the central government may operate directly upon the individual
through the authority of law is within federal territory. Hence, when
courts use the word “national government”, they are referring to federal
territory only and to no part of any state of the Union. The federal
government has no jurisdiction within a state of the Union and therefore
cannot operate directly upon the individual there.
“It is no
longer open to question that the general government, unlike
the states, Hammer v. Dagenhart,
318H247
U.S. 251, 275 , 38 S.Ct. 529, 3 A.L.R. 649, Ann.Cas.1918E 724,
possesses no inherent power in respect of the internal affairs
of the states; and emphatically not with regard to legislation.“
[Carter v. Carter Coal Co.,
319H298
U.S. 238, 56 S.Ct. 855 (1936)]
_______________________________________________________
The rights of life and personal liberty are natural rights of man.
‘To secure these rights,’ says the Declaration of Independence,
‘governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers
from the consent of the governed.’ The very highest duty of
the States, when they entered into the Union under the Constitution,
was to protect all persons within their boundaries in the enjoyment
of these ‘unalienable
rights
with which they were endowed by their Creator.’ Sovereignty, for
this purpose, rests alone with the States. It is no more the duty or
within the power of the United States to punish for a conspiracy
*554
to falsely imprison or murder within a State, than it would be to
punish for false imprisonment or murder itself.
The
fourteenth amendment prohibits a State from denying to any person
within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws; but this
provision does not, any more than the one which precedes it, and
which we have just considered, add any thing
*555
to the rights which one citizen has under the Constitution against
another. The equality of the rights of citizens is a principle
of republicanism. Every republican government is in duty bound to
protect all its citizens in the enjoyment of this principle, if
within its power. That duty was originally assumed by the States;
and it still remains there. The only obligation resting upon the
United States is to see that the States do not deny the right. This
the amendment guarantees, but no more. The power of the national
government is limited to the enforcement of this guaranty.
[U.S. v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542, 1875 WL 17550 (U.S.,1875)]
These two political/legal
jurisdictions, federal territory v. states of the Union, are separate
sovereignties, and the Constitution dictates that these two distinct
sovereignties MUST remain separate because of the Separation of Powers
Doctrine:
Ҥ79. This sovereignty
pertains to the people of the United States as national citizens
only, and not as citizens of any other government. There cannot
be two separate and independent sovereignties within the same limits
or jurisdiction; nor can there be two distinct and separate sources
of sovereign authority within the same jurisdiction. The right of
commanding in the last resort can be possessed only by one body of
people inhabiting the same territory,' and can be executed only by
those intrusted with the execution of such authority.”
[Treatise on Government, Joel Tiffany, p. 49, Section 78;
SOURCE:
394Hhttp://famguardian.org/Publications/TreatiseOnGovernment/TreatOnGovt.pdf]
Table 1:
Two Political Jurisdictions within our Country
|
TWO
POLITICAL JURISDICTIONS WITHIN OUR COUNTRY
|
|
Characteristic
|
"National government"
|
"Federal/general government" |
|
Also called |
“United
States” the Corporation |
"United
States of America" |
|
Geographical territory |
Federal zone |
50 states of the Union |
|
God
that is worshipped: See
Matt. 6:24
|
Mammon/man/government
(Satan)
Idolatry
One
nation under “fraud”
|
God
One
nation under “God"
|
| Freedom
and liberty |
Counterfeit,
man-made freedom.
Freedom granted not by God, but by the government.
"Can the liberties of a nation be thought secure when we
have removed their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds of the
people that these liberties are of the gift of God? That they are
not to be violated but with His wrath?"
[Thomas Jefferson:
Notes on Virginia Q.XVIII, 1782. ME 2:227] |
Liberty
direct from God Himself:
"Where the spirit of the Lord is, there is Liberty."
2 Corinthians 3:17 (Bible) |
|
Religious
foundation
|
This government/state
is god. It
sets the morals and values of those in its jurisdiction.
These value are ever changing at their whim.
|
Sovereign
Citizens are created by God and are answerable to their Maker who is
Omnipotent. The Bible
is the Basis of all Law and moral standards.
In 1820, the USA government purchased 20,000 bibles for
distribution.
|
|
Sovereign to whom
citizens owe “allegiance” |
Government
“Allegiance. Obligation of fidelity
and obedience to government in consideration for protection
that government gives. U.S. v. Kyh, D.C.N.Y., 49 F.Supp 407, 414.
See also
Oath of allegiance or loyalty.”
[Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, p. 74] |
“state”, which is the
collection of individual sovereigns within a
republican form of government. The People, as individuals, are
the "sovereigns":
"The people of this State, as the successors of its former
sovereign, are entitled to all the rights which formerly belonged to
the King by his prerogative. Through the medium of their Legislature
they may exercise all the powers which previous to the Revolution
could have been exercised either by the King alone, or by him in
conjunction with his Parliament; subject only to those restrictions
which have been imposed by the Constitution of this State or of the
U.S."
[Lansing v. Smith, 21 D. 89., 4 Wendel 9 (1829) (New York)] |
|
Source of law
|
“The
state”, which is mob rule living under a democracy rather than a
republic.
"You
shall not follow a crowd to do evil; nor shall you testify in a
dispute so as to turn aside after many to pervert justice.”
[Exodus
23:2, Bible, NKJV]
|
God, as revealed in the Bible/ten commandments. The sovereign People
as individuals, to the extent that they are implementing God’s
law, and within the limits prescribed by the Bill of Rights and the
Equal rights of others.
(See
book Biblical Institutes of Law, by Rousas Rushdoony)
|
|
Purpose of law
|
Protect
rulers in government from the irate “serfs” and tax “slaves”
that they govern and from the inevitable consequences of their
tyranny and abuse
|
Protect sovereign people from tyranny in government and from hurting
each other
|
|
Political
hierarchy
(lower number has higher precedence)
|
1.
Ruler/king (supersedes God)
2.
Legislature
3.
Laws
4.
Subjects/citizens (slaves/serfs of the state)
NO
GOD. Atheist or
anti-spiritual (remove prayer from schools, because belief in God
threatens government authority).
|
1.
God
2.
World
3.
Man
4.
“We the people”
5.
Grand jury, Elections, Trial jury
6.
U.S. Constitution
7.
Human government & organized church
|
|
Political
system
|
Municipal
corporation
Totalitarian Socialist
democracy
“Socialism:
1. any of
various economic and political theories advocating collective or
governmental ownership and administration of the means of production
and distribution of goods. 2 a:
a system of society or group living in which there is no
private property b: a
system or condition of society in which the means of production are
owned and controlled by the state 3: a stage of society in
Marxist theory transitional between capitalism and communism and
distinguished by unequal distribution of goods and pay according to
work done.” [Merriam Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary,
ISBN 0-97779-508-8, 1983]
“Democracy has never been and never can be so
desirable as aristocracy or monarchy, but while it lasts, is more
bloody than either. Remember, democracy never lasts long. It soon
wastes, exhausts, and murders itself. There never was a democracy
that never did commit suicide." [John Adams, 1815]
|
Republic
“Republic:
A commonwealth; that form of government which the
administration of affairs is open to all the citizens.
In another sense, it signifies the state, independently of
its form of government.” (Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition,
page 1302)
“Commonwealth: The public or common weal or welfare… It generally
designates, when so employed, a republican frame of government, one
in which the welfare and rights of the entire mass of people are the
main consideration, rather than the privileges of a class or the
will of a monarch; or it may designate the body of citizens living
under such a government.” (Black’s
Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, page 278)
|
|
Status
|
U.S.
continues to be in a permanent state of national
emergency since
March 9, 1933, and possible as far back as the Civil War.
See Senate report 93-549.
|
No
state of Emergency and is not at war.
|
|
Pledge
|
"I
pledge allegiance to the IRS, and to the tyrannical totalitarian
oligarchy for
which is stands. One nation, under fraud, indivisible, with slavery,
injustice, and atheism for all."
|
“I
pledge allegiance to the united states of America, and to the
Republic for which is stands, one nation, under
God, indivisible,
with liberty and justice for all."
|
|
Form
of government
|
De
facto (unlawful)
(See
our article entitled "How
Scoundrels Corrupted Our Republican Form of Government" for
details on how our government was rendered unlawful)
|
De
jure
(lawful)
|
|
Constitution
|
Constitution
of the “United States”
(See
http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress)
|
Constitution
of the “United States of America”
(See http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress)
|
|
Creator
|
Merchants,
bankers through President Lincoln and his Cohorts by act of treason.
This martial law government is a fiction managing civil
affairs
|
Created
by God and sovereign Citizens acting under His delegated authority
(see Gen.
1:26 and Gen.
2:15-17 in the Bible)
|
|
Origins
|
Gettysburg
Address in 1864 and the Incorporation of District of Columbia by Act
of February 21, 1871 under the Emergency War Powers Act and the
Reconstruction Act
|
Started
with the Declaration of Independence n 1776, Articles of
Confederation in 1778, and the Constitution in 1787
|
|
Existence
|
Still
existing as long as:
1. “state of war” or “emergency” exists.
2. The President does not terminate “martial” or
“emergency” powers by Executive Order or decree, or
3. The people do not resist submission and terminate by restoring
lawful civil courts, processes and procedures under authority of the
“inherent political powers” of the people.
|
Adjournment
of Congress sine die occurred in 1861
|
|
Governing
body
|
The
President (Caesar) rules by Executive Order (Unconstitutional).
Congress
and the Courts are under the President as branches of the Executive
Department.
Congress
sits by resolution not by positive law.
The
Judges are actually administrative referees and cannot rule on
rights.
|
"We
the People", who rule themselves through their servant
elected representatives. See Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, in which
he said: “A
government of the people, for the people, and by the people”
Three
separate Departments for the servants:
1.
Executive.
2.
Legislative-can enact positive law.
3.
Judicial
|
|
Citizenship
|
“U.S.
citizen” (Chattel Property of the government) are
belligerents in the field and are “subject to its jurisdiction”
(Washington, D.C.)
14th
Amendment citizens, implemented by the Civil Rights Act of 1866 for
the newly freed slaves (are now the slaves of the corporate
government plantation)
(See
8 U.S.C. 1401(a) at
http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/8/1401.html)
|
“national”
is
“sovereign”, “Freemen”, and “Freeborn”.
Unless that right is given up knowingly, intentionally, and
voluntarily.
“National
of the United States of America”
(see
8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22)(B)
at
http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/8/1101.html)
|
|
Implications
of citizenship
|
"U.S. citizens" were declared enemies of the U.S. by F.D.R. by Executive Order No.
2040 and ratified by Congress on March 9, 1933.
FDR
changed the meaning of The Trading with the Enemy Act of December 6,
1917 by changing the word "without" to citizens
"within" the United States
|
"nationals" are Sovereign citizens who supersede the U.S.
Government is the enemy of liberty and
should be kept as small as practical.
“Government
big enough to supply everything you need is big enough to take
everything you have. The
course of history shows that as a government grows, liberty
decreases.”
[Thomas
Jefferson]
|
|
Jurisdiction
|
Expands
and conquers by deceit and fraud.
Uses “words of art” to deceive the people.
|
Restricted
by the Constitution to the 10 mile square area called Washington
D.C., U.S. possessions, such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and its enclaves
for forts and arsenals.
|
|
Civic
duties-qualifications for
|
Must
be a “citizen of the United States” to vote or serve jury duty
|
Must
clarify citizenship when registering to vote and serving jury duty.
In some states, cannot vote or serve jury duty
|
|
Vote
|
Is
recommendation only.
|
Counts
like one of the Board of Directors.
|
|
Rights
and privileges
|
Inalienable rights.
Rights from the corporate government.
Statutory
taxable “privileges”
“Invisible
contract” with federal government to “buy” (bribe
into existence) these statutory privileges
through taxes.
See 48
U.S.C. §1421b: Statutory Bill
of Rights.
“The privileges and immunities clause of the 14th
Amendment protects
very few rights because it neither incorporates the Bill of
Rights nor
protects all rights of individual citizens. Instead, this
provision protects only those rights peculiar to being
a citizen of the federal government; it does not protect those
rights which relate to state citizenship.” [Jones v.
Temmer 829 F. Supp. 1226 (Emphasis added.)] |
Unalienable
Rights.
Rights
from God.
Constitutional
rights-cannot be taxed
|
|
Value
of the individual
|
Bond
Servant
To
cover the debt in 1933 and future debt, the corporate government
determined and established the value of the future labor of each
individual in its jurisdiction to be $630,000. A bond of $630,000 is
set on each Certificate of Live Birth. The certificates are bundled
together into sets and then placed as securities on the open market.
These certificates are then purchased by the Federal Reserve and/or
foreign bankers. The purchaser is the "holder" of
"Title." This process made each and every person in this
jurisdiction a bond servant.
|
Freeborn
Freeman
Freeholder
Sovereign
"We the people..."
|
|
Welfare/social
security
|
YES:
Socialism-allowed and encouraged
|
NO:
Not allowed. Everyone takes care of themselves
|
|
FAMILY
|
|
Purpose of sex
|
Recreation
and sin. When children
result from such sin, then abortion (murder) frees sexual perverts
and fornicators from the consequences of or liability for such sin
and maintains their quality of life.
Permissiveness by government of abortion becomes a license to
sin without consequence.
|
Procreation.
Gen.
1:22: "And God blessed them,
saying, "Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the waters
in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth."
Psalms
127: 4-5:
“Like arrows in the hand of a warrior, So are the
children of one's youth. Happy is the man who has his quiver full of
them; They shall not be ashamed, But shall speak with
their enemies in the gate.”
|
|
Purpose of marriage
|
An extension of the “welfare
state” that financially enslaves men to the state and their wives
and thereby undermines male sovereignty in the family.
Prov.
31:3 says: “Do not give your strength [or sovereignty]
to women, nor your ways to that which destroys kings.”
|
To
make families self-governing by creating a chain of authority within
them (see Eph.
5:22-24). Honor
God and produce godly offspring. (Malachi
2:15)
|
|
Birth
certificate
|
Birth
Certificate when the baby's footprint is placed thereon before
it touches the land. The certificate is recorded at a County
Recorder, then sent to a Secretary of State which sends it to the
Bureau of Census of the Commerce Department. This process converts a
man's life, labor, and property to an asset of the US
government when this person receives a benefit from the government
such as a drivers license, food stamps, free mail delivery, etc.
This person becomes a fictional
persona in commerce. The Birth Certificate is an
unrevealed "Trust Instrument" originally designed
for the children of the newly freed black slaves after the 14th
Amendment. The US has the ability to tax and regulate commerce
EVERYWHERE.
|
|
|
Education
of young
|
Public
schooling (brain washing of the young).
School vouchers not allowed.
This is a central plank in the Communist Manifesto.
Purpose is to create better state "serfs".
|
Private
schooling and school vouchers.
Prayer permitted in schools.
|
|
STATES
|
|
The
word “State”
|
In U.S. Titles and Codes "State" refers to U.S.
possessions such as Puerto Rico, Guam, etc.
|
"state" when used by itself refers to the
"Republics" of The united states of America
|
|
State
governments
|
Politicians of each state formed a new government and
incorporated it into the federal US government corporation and are
therefore under its jurisdiction.
e.g.
"State
of California"
corporate California
California State
|
All of the states are
"Republics"
e.g.
"The
Republic of California"
"California
republic"
"California
state"
or just "California"
|
|
Origins
of the states
|
The corporate States are controlled by the corporate US
government by its purse strings such as grants, funding, matching
funds, revenue sharing, disaster relief, etc.
The citizens of such States are "subjects" and
are called "Residents"
|
Sovereign Citizens created
the states (Republics) and are Sovereign over the states.
The Republics and the people created the USA government and are
sovereign over the USA government.
|
|
State
constitution
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The original constitution was revised and adopted by the
corporate State of California on May 7, 1879
It
has been revised many times hence.
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California was admitted into the union as a Republic on September
9, 1850. The people created the original state constitution to give
the government limited powers and to act on behalf of, and for the
people.
Called The
"Organic" state constitution.
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Rights
of citizens in state
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A one word change in the original State (California) constitution
from "unalienable" to "inalienable" made rights
into privileges
"Inalienable"
means government given rights. "Unalienable" means God
given rights.
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Adjournment sine die occurred in California in
April 27, 1863
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JUSTICE SYSTEM
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Judicial
function
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Judicial
Branch under the President
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Judicial
Department
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Separation
of powers
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It is not separate,
but is an arm of the legislature
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Separate
from all other Departments
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Purpose of federal courts
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Maximize power and control and revenues of federal
government
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Protect the Constitutional rights of persons
domiciled in states of the Union
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Constitutional authority
for federal courts
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Article I, II, and IV
("U.S. District Courts" and "Tax Court")
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Article III
("district courts of the United States" in the District of Columbia, Hawaii, and the Court
of Claims)
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